Bioscience and Biotechnology - A Bioresearch Protocol to Practically Learn and Engineer the Biotics: Food testing Food testing | Bioscience and Biotechnology - A Bioresearch Protocol to Practically Learn and Engineer the Biotics

<h1 style="margin: 4.5pt 0in 0in 22.1pt; text-align: center;">FOOD TESTING AND RAPID DETECTION OF FOOD</h1>

·        
Country’s food regulator, Food safety standards
authority of India (FSSAI) has made a quick progress towards the use of
advanced technologies for food Testing in the year 2019.<o:p></o:p>

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Several new rapid food tasting
kits/devices for detection
of food borne pathogens and toxins
have been introduced during the year 2019.<o:p></o:p>

·        
This ensures “faster, better, cheaper” real time testing of food.<o:p></o:p>

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FSSAI provides these kits to the state government for
use by field officers and get quicker and validated results for various foods
such as milk and edible oil among other.<o:p></o:p>

·        
Initiation- eProcurement market place portal ( GeM).<o:p></o:p>

·        
FSSAI has so far introduced 30 rapid food Testing kit / devices under
these regulations.

Conventional
methods<o:p> </o:p>

·        
Conventional bacterial testing methods
rely on specific media to enumerate and isolate viable bacterial cells in food.<o:p></o:p>

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inexpensive and can give both qualitative and quantitative information on the
number and the nature of microorganisms present in the food sample.<o:p></o:p>

·        
Traditional methods for the detection of bacteria involve
the following basic steps:<o:p></o:p>

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Pre-enrichment.<o:p></o:p>

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Selective enrichment.<o:p></o:p>

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Selective plating.<o:p></o:p>

ü 
Biochemical screening.<o:p></o:p>

ü 
Serological confirmation.<o:p></o:p>

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Hence, a complete series of tests is
often required before any identification can be confirmed.<o:p></o:p>

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These conventional methods require
several days to give results because they rely on the ability of the organisms
to multiply to visible colonies.<o:p></o:p>

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Moreover, culture medium preparation,
inoculation of plates and colony counting makes these methods labour intensive.
Conventional methods generally regarded as the golden standard often takes days
to complete the identification of viable pathogens.<o:p></o:p>

</div>

<h3 style="margin-top: 4.5pt; text-align: left;">Rapid detection of Food</h3>

·        
Any modification that reduces the analysis time can
technically be called rapid method.

<h3 style="margin: 0.05pt 0in 0in 7pt; text-align: left;">Need For Rapid
Methods</h3>

To reduce human errors·<o:p></o:p>

Validation·<o:p></o:p>

Automation and computerization·<o:p></o:p>

Simplicity·<o:p></o:p>

To save time·<o:p></o:p>

To save labour cost·<o:p></o:p>

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                                The effective testing of bacteria
requires methods of analysis that can meet a                     number of challenging criterion.<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 146%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 43.0pt; margin-right: 29.2pt; margin-top: 6.9pt; margin: 6.9pt 29.2pt 0in 43pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 43.0pt 43.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">·        
                                The food industry is in need of more rapid methods which
are sensitive.<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 146%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 43.0pt; margin-right: 29.2pt; margin-top: 6.9pt; margin: 6.9pt 29.2pt 0in 43pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 43.0pt 43.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">

Rapid
methods can be classified into the following categories<o:p> </o:p>

•              
Modified and automated conventional methods
<o:p></o:p>

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Biosensor's<o:p></o:p>

<table align="left" cellpadding="0" cellspacing="0">
 <tbody><tr>
 <td height="0" width="95"></td>
 </tr>
 <tr>
 <td></td><td> </td></tr></tbody></table> 
<o:p></o:p>

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Bioluminescence biosensor<o:p></o:p>

<o:p></o:p>

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 59.2pt; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 7.15pt; margin: 7.15pt 0in 0in 59.2pt; mso-list: l2 level2 lfo3; tab-stops: 59.2pt 59.25pt; text-indent: -26.7pt;">•               
Impedimetry (electrical
impedance) 
<o:p></o:p>

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Piezoelectric biosensors<o:p></o:p>

<o:p></o:p>

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Flow Cytometry
<o:p></o:p>

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Solid phase Cytometry
<o:p></o:p>

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Electronic nose<o:p></o:p>

<o:p></o:p>

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Immunological methods<o:p></o:p>

</div><div class="WordSection3">

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Nucleic acid based assays
<o:p></o:p>

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DNA hybridization<o:p></o:p>

<o:p></o:p>

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Polymerase chain reaction (PCR)

Modified and
automated conventional methods

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Conventional methods used traditionally
for microbial analysis are regarded as gold standards except for time delay and
labour involved.<o:p></o:p>

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Many attempts have been made to improve
laboratory efficiency by making the procedures
for traditional agar based methods
more convenient, user friendly and to reduce
the cost of material and labour.<o:p></o:p>

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Several modifications in sample
preparation, plating techniques, counting and identification systems have made
these conventional methods faster and easier.<o:p></o:p>

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Sample preparation.<o:p></o:p>

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Stomacher.<o:p></o:p>

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Pulsifier.<o:p></o:p>

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Plating technique.<o:p></o:p>

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Dip slides.<o:p></o:p>

ü 
Use of flurogenic and chromogenic substrate.<o:p></o:p>

ü 
Petri films.<o:p></o:p>

ü 
Hydrophobic Grid Membrane Filter (HGMF).<o:p></o:p>

ü 
Colony counting.<o:p></o:p>

ü 
Identification systems.

Biosensors

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 145%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 25.0pt; margin-right: 29.15pt; margin-top: 6.7pt; margin: 6.7pt 29.15pt 0in 25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 25.0pt 25.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">·        
Biosensors are defined as indicators of
biological compound that can be as simple as temperature sensitive paints or as
complex as DNA-RNA probes.<o:p></o:p>

·        
The science of biosensor is a multidisciplinary area.<o:p></o:p>

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Many of the system are portable and
hence can be used for field testing or on the spot analysis and are rapid test
which are capable of testing multiple analysis
simultaneously.</div><div class="WordSection4">

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Bio sensing methods for pathogen
detection are centred on four basic physiological or genetic properties of microorganisms:<o:p></o:p>

ü 
Metabolic patterns of substrate utilization,<o:p></o:p>

ü 
Phenotypic expression analysis of signature molecules by antibodies,<o:p></o:p>

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acid analysis and the analysis of the interaction of pathogens with eukaryotic cells.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Bio luminescence
sensorsUtilization of the ability of
certain enzymes to emit photons as a byproduct of their reaction. used to
detect the presence and biological condition of the cells.·        
ATP bioluminescence·        
Bacterial bioluminesce·        
Fiber
optic biosensor Electrical impedance biosensor

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Impedance
microbiology detects microbes either directly due to
production of ions from metabolic end products or indirectly from liberation of CO2.<o:p></o:p>

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This method is well suited for detection
of bacteria in clinical samples and to monitor quality and detect specific food pathogens.

Piezoelectric
biosensors

·        
This system is very attractive and
offers a real time output, simplicity of use and cost effectiveness.<o:p></o:p>

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The general principle
is based on coating the surface of piezoelectric sensor
with a selective binding substance for example antibodies to bacteria
and then placing it in a solution containing
bacteria.<o:p></o:p>

·        
This
may be considered as the form of automated fluorescence microscopy in which instead
of sample being fixed to a slide, it is injected into a fluid (dye), which
passes through a sensing medium of flow cell.</div><div class="WordSection5">

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This system is highly effective means
for rapid analysis of individual cells at the rate of thousand cells per second.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Solid Phase
Cytometry (SPC)

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SPC
is a novel technique that allows rapid detection of
bacteria at single cell level, without the need for growth phase<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

Electronic
nose

·        
This system comprises of sophisticated
hardware with sensors, electronics, pumps, flow controllers, software's, data
pre-processing and statistical analyzer.I<o:p></o:p>

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In microbiology the smell of the
cultural bacteria often provides a clue to the identification of the organisms
present which requires skill.<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 145%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 25.0pt; margin-right: 93.45pt; margin-top: .5pt; margin: 0.5pt 93.45pt 0in 25pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo5; tab-stops: 25.0pt 25.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">

·        
Immunological methods rely
on the specific binding of an antibody to an
antigen.<o:p></o:p>

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Immunoassay
refers to the qualitative and quantitative determination of
antigen and antibody in a specimen by immunological reaction.<o:p></o:p>

<o:p> </o:p>

·        
Advances
in biotechnology have led to the development of a diverse
array of assay for detection of food pathogens.<o:p></o:p>

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Rapid analysis that used nucleic acid
hybridization and nucleic acid amplification techniques offer more sensitivity
and specificity than culture based methods as well as dramatic reduction in the
time to get results.<o:p></o:p>

DNA
Hybridization

·        
The identification of bacteria by DNA
probe hybridization is based on the presence or absence of particular genes.</div>

Polymerase
Chain Reaction

<p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 145%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 43.0pt; margin-right: 29.05pt; margin-top: 0in; margin: 0in 29.05pt 0in 43pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 43.0pt 43.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;">·        
The PCR is an in-vitro
method used to increase number of specific
DNA sequence in a sample.<o:p></o:p>

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PCR is used increasingly in research in
food microbiology because of its high sensibility or specificity.<o:p></o:p><p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 145%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 43.0pt; margin-right: 29.2pt; margin-top: .6pt; margin: 0.6pt 29.2pt 0in 43pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 43.0pt 43.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 145%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 43.0pt; margin-right: 29.2pt; margin-top: .6pt; margin: 0.6pt 29.2pt 0in 43pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 43.0pt 43.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"> <p class="MsoListParagraph" style="line-height: 145%; margin-bottom: 0in; margin-left: 43.0pt; margin-right: 29.2pt; margin-top: .6pt; margin: 0.6pt 29.2pt 0in 43pt; mso-list: l0 level2 lfo5; tab-stops: 43.0pt 43.05pt; text-indent: -0.25in;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"><a href="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj2GgAmZmUFTVUhAz35mqxeCjxDAXoLUevhw2eWmw-TZbg9qjuj5juSHamWaBJ-CUss7b0WxixR1qQIisSgafhPqwBWSB0yYx93R3_m4usJXx2w3iZ2K6PUG7vV6O_I4Pk_gpOKhd-46pdC0fV69vVmKblfhWbYFNnUKjWS73Ji9s7qFcqnU-R_8CoW" style="margin-left: 1em; margin-right: 1em;"><img alt="" data-original-height="1076" data-original-width="862" height="750" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/a/AVvXsEj2GgAmZmUFTVUhAz35mqxeCjxDAXoLUevhw2eWmw-TZbg9qjuj5juSHamWaBJ-CUss7b0WxixR1qQIisSgafhPqwBWSB0yYx93R3_m4usJXx2w3iZ2K6PUG7vV6O_I4Pk_gpOKhd-46pdC0fV69vVmKblfhWbYFNnUKjWS73Ji9s7qFcqnU-R_8CoW=w601-h750" width="601" /></a></div> </div>

FOOD TESTING AND RAPID DETECTION OF FOOD · Country’s food regulator, F ood safety standards authority of India (FSSA...