Bioscience and Biotechnology - A Bioresearch Protocol to Practically Learn and Engineer the Biotics: Glucose Glucose | Bioscience and Biotechnology - A Bioresearch Protocol to Practically Learn and Engineer the Biotics

<div style="border-bottom: solid black 1.0pt; border: none; margin-left: 1.5in; margin-right: 0in; mso-border-bottom-alt: solid black .5pt; mso-element: para-border-div; padding: 0in;"><h1 style="border: none; padding: 0in; text-align: left; text-indent: 0.5in;">CHEMOSYNTHESIS          <o:p style="text-indent: -0.25in;"> </o:p></h1></div>

Chemosynthesis is the synthesis of
organic compounds by bacteria or other living organisms using energy derived
from reactions involving inorganic chemicals, typically in the absence of
sunlight.

Chemosynthesis
can be defined as the biological production of organic compounds from C-1
compounds and nutrients, using the energy generated by the oxidation of
inorganic (e.g., hydrogen gas, hydrogen sulfide, ammonium) or C-1 organic
(e.g., methane, methanol) molecules.<o:p></o:p>

<span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="background: rgb(249, 247, 244); font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;">PROCESS
OF CHEMOSYNTHESIS<span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="background: rgb(249, 247, 244); font-size: 18pt; mso-ascii-theme-font: minor-latin; mso-bidi-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-font-family: Georgia; mso-hansi-theme-font: minor-latin;"><o:p> </o:p>

Chemosynthesis
is the process by which food (glucose) is made by bacteria using chemicals as
the energy source, rather than sunlight. Chemosynthesis occurs around
hydrothermal vents and methane seeps in the deep sea where sunlight is absent.
During chemosynthesis, bacteria living on the sea floor or within animals use
energy stored in the chemical bonds of hydrogen sulfide and methane to make
glucose from water and carbon dioxide (dissolved in sea water). Pure sulfur and
sulfur compounds are produced as by-products.

Chemosynthesis is a biosynthesis
performed by living organisms. It is through this process that a more complex
chemical compound is produced. It often does so by combining simpler chemical
entities or precursors. Examples of chemical synthesis, in particular,
include <a href="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/organic-synthesis">organic synthesis</a> and dehydration
synthesis. <a href="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/chemoautotroph">Chemoautotroph</a>s, for instance, are organisms that
perform chemosynthesis. They include certain groups of <a href="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/bacteria">bacteria</a> such as sulfur-oxidizing gamma
proteobacteria, epsilon proteobacteria, and neutrophilic iron-oxidizing
bacteria, and certain <a href="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/archaea">archaea</a> such as methanogenic archaea.
Certain <a href="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/eukaryote">eukaryote</a>s form <a href="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/symbiosis">symbiosis</a> with <a href="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/bacteria">bacteria</a> that can fix <a href="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/carbon-dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> for them. For instance, the giant tube
worms have bacteria in their trophosome that can produce <a href="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/sugar">sugar</a>s and <a href="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/amino-acid">amino acid</a>s from <a href="https://www.biologyonline.com/dictionary/carbon-dioxide">carbon dioxide</a> with hydrogen sulfide as the energy
source. This form of chemosynthesis results in the formation of carbohydrate as
well as solid globules of sulfur.<div class="separator" style="clear: both; text-align: center;"> </div><span face=""Calibri","sans-serif"" style="background-attachment: initial; background-clip: initial; background-image: initial; background-origin: initial; background-position: initial; background-repeat: initial; background-size: initial; color: #2b00fe; font-size: 18pt; mso-fareast-font-family: sans-serif;">CHEMOSYNTHESIS VS PHOTOSYNTHESIS

Ecosystems depend upon the ability of some
organisms to convert inorganic compounds into food that other organisms can
then exploit (or eat!). The majority of life on the planet is based on a food
chain which revolves around sunlight, as plants make food via photosynthesis.
However, in environments where there is no sunlight and thus no plants,
organisms instead rely on primary production through a process called chemosynthesis,
which runs on chemical energy. Together, photosynthesis and chemosynthesis fuel
all life on Earth.<o:p></o:p>

Photosynthesis occurs in plants and some bacteria, wherever there is
sufficient sunlight – on land, in shallow water, even inside and below clear
ice. All photosynthetic organisms use solar energy to turn carbon dioxide and
water into sugar (food) and oxygen: 6CO2 + 6H2O -> C6H12O6 + 6O2.<o:p></o:p>

Chemosynthesis occurs in bacteria and other organisms and involves the
use of energy released by inorganic chemical reactions to produce food. All
chemosynthetic organisms use energy released by chemical reactions to make a
sugar, but different species use different pathways. For example, at
hydrothermal vents, vent bacteria oxidize hydrogen sulfide, add carbon dioxide
and oxygen, and produce sugar, sulfur, and water: CO2 + 4H2S + O2 ->
CH20 + 4S + 3H2O. Other bacteria make organic matter by reducing sulfide or
oxidizing methane.

EXAMPLES OF CHEMOSYNTHETIC BACTERIA

<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.25pt; margin: 5.25pt 0in 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 1.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Chemosynthetic
bacteria include a group of<a href="https://www.microscopemaster.com/autotrophs.html"> autotrophic</a> bacteria that use chemical energy to
produce their own food. Like <a href="https://www.microscopemaster.com/photosynthetic-bacteria.html">photosynthetic bacteria</a>, chemosynthetic bacteria
need a carbon source (e.g. carbon dioxide) as well as an energy source in order
to manufacture their own food.<o:p></o:p>

<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
 <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Venenivibrio stagnispumantis<o:p></o:p></li>
 <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Beggiatoa<o:p></o:p></li>
 <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">T. neapolitanus<o:p></o:p></li>
 <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">T. novellus<o:p></o:p></li>
 <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; mso-list: l3 level1 lfo3; tab-stops: .5in; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">ferrooxidans</li></ul>

<h2 style="background: white; margin-bottom: 7.9pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 21.0pt; margin: 21pt 0in 7.9pt; mso-line-height-alt: .8pt;">TYPES OF CHEMOSYNTHETIC
BACTERIA</h2>

<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.25pt; margin: 5.25pt 0in 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 1.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">Nitrogen
bacteria -
Divided into three groups that include nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying
bacteria, and <a href="https://www.microscopemaster.com/what-are-nitrogen-fixing-bacteria.html">nitrogen-fixing bacteria</a>. In the case of
nitrifying bacteria, ammonia is first oxidized to hydroxylamine in the <a href="https://www.microscopemaster.com/cytoplasm.html">cytoplasm</a> (by ammonium
monooxygenase).<o:p></o:p>

The hydroxylamine is then oxidized to
produce nitrite in the periplasm by hydroxylamine oxidoreductase. This process
produces a proton (one proton for each molecule of ammonium). As compared to
nitrifying bacteria, denitrifying bacteria oxidize nitrate compounds as a
source of energy. <o:p></o:p>

<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.25pt; margin: 5.25pt 0in 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 1.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;"><a href="https://www.microscopemaster.com/methanobacteria.html">Methanobacteria</a>/methane bacteria - Although some
scientists have suggested that some bacteria use methane as a source of energy
for chemosynthesis, this is particularly common among chemosynthetic
archaebacteria. <o:p></o:p>

<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.25pt; margin: 5.25pt 0in 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 1.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">For
the most part, these bacteria have been shown to be <a href="https://www.microscopemaster.com/anaerobes.html">anaerobic</a> and therefore
thrive in areas with very little to no oxygen. This is largely due to the fact
that the enzyme used for oxidation purposes (Hydrogenase) functions effectively
in anaerobic conditions. <o:p></o:p>

Iron bacteria - Acidithiobacillus ferrooxidans and
Leptospirillum ferrooxidans are some of the bacteria that oxidize iron. This
process has been shown to occur under different conditioned depending on the
organism (e.g. low pH and oxic-anoxic). <o:p></o:p>

During chemosynthesis, chemosynthetic
bacteria, being non-photosynthetic, have to rely on energy produced by
oxidation of these compounds (inorganic) in order to manufacture food (sugars)
while nitrogen-fixing bacteria convert nitrogen gas into nitrate. All these
processes serve to produce a proton used in carbon dioxide fixation. <o:p></o:p>

<p style="background: white; margin-bottom: 10.5pt; margin-left: 0in; margin-right: 0in; margin-top: 5.25pt; margin: 5.25pt 0in 10.5pt; mso-line-height-alt: 1.0pt; text-align: justify; text-justify: inter-ideograph;">This
behavior has also been shown to benefit other organisms through a symbiotic
relationship. For instance, in various environments, nitrogen-fixing bacteria
have been shown to form symbiotic relationships that benefit a variety of
organisms (<a href="https://www.microscopemaster.com/algae.html">algae</a>, <a href="https://www.microscopemaster.com/diatoms.html">diatoms</a>, legumes, sponges, etc).
Here, they are able to convert nitrogen (abundant in nature) into useable
forms. <o:p></o:p>

Such symbiotic relationships have also been
identified with:<o:p></o:p>

<ul style="margin-top: 0in;" type="disc">
 <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .5in;">olemyid and lucinid bivalves<o:p></o:p></li>
 <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .5in;">Achinoids<o:p></o:p></li>
 <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .5in;"><a href="https://www.microscopemaster.com/ciliates.html">Ciliate protists</a><o:p></o:p></li>
 <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .5in;">Marine sponges<o:p></o:p></li>
 <li class="MsoNormal" style="margin-bottom: 6pt; mso-list: l0 level1 lfo4; tab-stops: .5in;">Mussels<o:p></o:p></li>
</ul>

<o:p> </o:p>

CHEMOSYNTHESIS Chemosynthesis is the synthesis of organic compounds by bacteria or other living organisms using energy derive...