Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification for Industrial Designs
The Locarno Agreement establishes a classification for industrial designs (the Locarno Classification). The competent offices of the Contracting States must indicate in official documents reflecting the deposit or registration of industrial designs the numbers of the classes and subclasses of the Classification to which the goods incorporating the designs belong. This must also be done in any publication the offices issue in respect of the deposit or registration of industrial designs.
About the Locarno Classification
A diplomatic conference, to which all the countries that were members of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property were invited and which was held in Locarno (Switzerland), adopted, on October 8, 1968, the Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification for Industrial Designs (Locarno Classification).
The Locarno Classification comprises:
- a list of classes and subclasses;
- an alphabetical list of goods which constitute industrial designs, with an indication of the classes and subclasses into which they fall;
- explanatory notes.
The original list of classes and subclasses was attached to the Locarno Agreement when it was adopted.
The Locarno Agreement set up a Committee of Experts, in which each contracting country is represented. The Agreement empowered the Committee to make “amendments” or “additions” to the original list of classes and subclasses, to establish the alphabetical list and the explanatory notes (which were not established in the diplomatic conference), and to amend and supplement each and any of the three parts (list of classes and subclasses, alphabetical list of goods, explanatory notes) of the Locarno Classification.
Use of the Locarno Classification
The Locarno Classification is “solely of an administrative character” and does not bind the contracting countries “as regards the nature and scope of the protection afforded to the design in those countries” (Locarno Agreement, Article 2(1)).
The Locarno Agreement requires the industrial property office of each contracting country to “include in the official documents for the deposit or registration of designs, and, if they are officially published, in the publications in question, the numbers of the classes and subclasses of the international classification into which the goods incorporating the designs belong” (Article 2(3)). Recommendations of the Committee of Experts deal with the manner in which the classes and subclasses should be indicated in the said documents and publications.
Besides the competent offices of the contracting countries, the African Intellectual Property Organization (OAPI), the African Regional Intellectual Property Organization (ARIPO), the Benelux Office for Intellectual Property (BOIP), the European Union Intellectual Property Office (EUIPO) and the International Bureau of WIPO also use the Locarno Classification in their registers and in the publications they issue.
Revisions and editions of the Locarno Classification
The Locarno Classification has been revised several times by the Committee of Experts. The current (twelfth) edition incorporates all the revisions made in and before November 2017. It contains 32 classes and 237 subclasses, with explanatory notes, as the case may be. The alphabetical list of goods, which contains 5,219 entries in English, is presented in alphabetical order irrespective of the class to which each good belongs, as well as in the order of classes and subclasses, alphabetically under each subclass.
The authentic versions of the Locarno Classification, in English and French, are published by the International Bureau of WIPO online.
The twelfth edition was published in June 2018 and entered into force on January 1, 2019. It replaces the previous editions.
Summary of the Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification for Industrial Designs (1968)
The Locarno Agreement, concluded at Locarno in 1968 and amended in 1979, establishes a classification for industrial designs (the Locarno Classification).
The competent offices of the Contracting States must indicate in official documents and in any publication they issue in respect of the deposit or registration of industrial designs the numbers of the classes and subclasses of the Classification to which the goods incorporating the designs belong.
The Locarno Agreement created a Union, which has an Assembly. Every State that is a member of the Union is a member of the Assembly. Among the most important tasks of the Assembly is the adoption of the biennial program and budget of the Union.
The Agreement also set up a Committee of Experts in which all members of the Union are represented. The main task of the Committee is the periodical revision of the Classification.
The Agreement is open to States party to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property (1883). Instruments of ratification or accession must be deposited with the Director General of WIPO.
Locarno Agreement Establishing an
International Classification for Industrial Designs
Signed at Locarno on October 8, 1968
as amended on September 28, 1979
as amended on September 28, 1979
TABLE OF CONTENTS
| Article 1: | Establishment of a Special Union; Adoption of an International Classification |
| Article 2: | Use and Legal Scope of the International Classification |
| Article 3: | Committee of Experts |
| Article 4: | Notification and Publication of the Classification and of Amendments and Additions Thereto |
| Article 5: | Assembly of the Special Union |
| Article 6: | International Bureau |
| Article 7: | Finances |
| Article 8: | Amendment of Articles 5 to 8 |
| Article 9: | Ratification and Accession; Entry Into Force |
| Article 10: | Force and Duration of the Agreement |
| Article 11: | Revision of Articles 1 to 4 and 9 to 15 |
| Article 12: | Denunciation |
| Article 13: | Territories |
| Article 14: | Signature, Languages, Notifications |
| Article 15: | Transitional Provision |
(1) The countries to which this Agreement applies constitute a Special Union.
(2) They adopt a single classification for industrial designs (hereinafter designated as “the international classification”).
(3) The international classification shall comprise:
(i) a list of classes and subclasses;
(ii) an alphabetical list of goods in which industrial designs are incorporated, with an indication of the classes and subclasses into which they fall;
(iii) explanatory notes.
(4) The list of classes and subclasses is the list annexed to the present Agreement, subject to such amendments and additions as the Committee of Experts set up under Article 3 (hereinafter designated as “the Committee of Experts”) may make to it.
(5) The alphabetical list of goods and the explanatory notes shall be adopted by the Committee of Experts in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 3.
(6) The international classification may be amended or supplemented by the Committee of Experts, in accordance with the procedure laid down in Article 3.
(7)
(a) The international classification shall be established in the English and French languages.
(b) Official texts of the international classification, in such other languages as the Assembly referred to in Article 5 may designate, shall be established, after consultation with the interested Governments, by the International Bureau of Intellectual Property (hereinafter designated as “the International Bureau”) referred to in the Convention Establishing the World Intellectual Property Organization (hereinafter designated as “the Organization”).
(1) Subject to the requirements prescribed by this Agreement, the international classification shall be solely of an administrative character. Nevertheless, each country may attribute to it the legal scope which it considers appropriate. In particular, the international classification shall not bind the countries of the Special Union as regards the nature and scope of the protection afforded to the design in those countries.
(2) Each country of the Special Union reserves the right to use the international classification as a principal or as a subsidiary system.
(3) The Offices of the countries of the Special Union shall include in the official documents for the deposit or registration of designs, and, if they are officially published, in the publications in question, the numbers of the classes and subclasses of the international classification into which the goods incorporating the designs belong.
(4) In selecting terms for inclusion in the alphabetical list of goods, the Committee of Experts shall exercise reasonable care to avoid using terms in which exclusive rights may exist. The inclusion of any word in the alphabetical index, however, is not an expression of opinion of the Committee of Experts on whether or not it is subject to exclusive rights.
(1) A Committee of Experts shall be entrusted with the tasks referred to in Article 1(4), 1(5) and 1(6). Each country of the Special Union shall be represented on the Committee of Experts, which shall be organized according to rules of procedure adopted by a simple majority of the countries represented.
(2) The Committee of Experts shall adopt the alphabetical list and explanatory notes by a simple majority of the votes of the countries of the Special Union.
(3) Proposals for amendments or additions to the international classification may be made by the Office of any country of the Special Union or by the International Bureau. Any proposal emanating from an Office shall be communicated by that Office to the International Bureau. Proposals from Offices and from the International Bureau shall be transmitted by the latter to the members of the Committee of Experts not later than two months before the session of the Committee at which the said proposals are to be considered.
(4) The decisions of the Committee of Experts concerning the adoption of amendments and additions to be made in the international classification shall be by a simple majority of the countries of the Special Union. Nevertheless, if such decisions entail the setting up of a new class or any transfer of goods from one class to another, unanimity shall be required.
(5) Each expert shall have the right to vote by mail.
(6) If a country does not appoint a representative for a given session of the Committee of Experts, or if the expert appointed has not expressed his vote during the session or within a period to be prescribed by the rules of procedure of the Committee of Experts, the country concerned shall be considered to have accepted the decision of the Committee.
(1) The alphabetical list of goods and the explanatory notes adopted by the Committee of Experts, as well as any amendment or addition to the international classification decided by the Committee, shall be communicated to the Offices of the countries of the Special Union by the International Bureau. The decisions of the Committee of Experts shall enter into force as soon as the communication is received. Nevertheless, if such decisions entail the setting up of a new class or any transfer of goods from one class to another, they shall enter into force within a period of six months from the date of the said communication.
(2) The International Bureau, as depositary of the international classification, shall incorporate therein the amendments and additions which have entered into force. Announcements of the amendments and additions shall be published in the periodicals to be designated by the Assembly.
Article 5
Assembly of the Special Union
Assembly of the Special Union
(1)
(a) The Special Union shall have an Assembly consisting of the countries of the Special Union.
(b) The Government of each country of the Special Union shall be represented by one delegate, who may be assisted by alternate delegates, advisors, and experts.
(c) The expenses of each delegation shall be borne by the Government which has appointed it.
(2)
(a) Subject to the provisions of Article 3, the Assembly shall:
(i) deal with all matters concerning the maintenance and development of the Special Union and the implementation of this Agreement;
(ii) give directions to the International Bureau concerning the preparation for conferences of revision;
(iii) review and approve the reports and activities of the Director General of the Organization (hereinafter designated as “the Director General”) concerning the Special Union, and give him all necessary instructions concerning matters within the competence of the Special Union;
(iv) determine the program and adopt the biennial budget of the Special Union, and approve its final accounts;
(v) adopt the financial regulations of the Special Union;
(vi) decide on the establishment of official texts of the international classification in languages other than English and French;
(vii) establish, in addition to the Committee of Experts set up under Article 3, such other committees of experts and working groups as it deems appropriate to achieve the objectives of the Special Union;
(viii) determine which countries not members of the Special Union and which intergovernmental and international non-governmental organizations shall be admitted to its meetings as observers;
(ix) adopt amendments to Articles 5 to 8;
(x) take any other appropriate action designed to further the objectives of the Special Union;
(xi) perform such other functions as are appropriate under this Agreement.
(b) With respect to matters which are of interest also to other Unions administered by the Organization, the Assembly shall make its decisions after having heard the advice of the Coordination Committee of the Organization.
(3)
(a) Each country member of the Assembly shall have one vote.
(b) One-half of the countries members of the Assembly shall constitute a quorum.
(c) Notwithstanding the provisions of subparagraph (b), if, in any session, the number of countries represented is less than one-half but equal to or more than one-third of the countries members of the Assembly, the Assembly may make decisions but, with the exception of decisions concerning its own procedure, all such decisions shall take effect only if the conditions set forth hereinafter are fulfilled. The International Bureau shall communicate the said decisions to the countries members of the Assembly which were not represented and shall invite them to express in writing their vote or abstention within a period of three months from the date of the communication. If, at the expiration of this period, the number of countries having thus expressed their vote or abstention attains the number of countries which was lacking for attaining the quorum in the session itself, such decisions shall take effect provided that at the same time the required majority still obtains.
(d) Subject to the provisions of Article 8(2), the decisions of the Assembly shall require two-thirds of the votes cast.
(e) Abstentions shall not be considered as votes.
(f) A delegate may represent, and vote in the name of, one country only.
(4)
(a) The Assembly shall meet once in every second calendar year in ordinary session upon convocation by the Director General and, in the absence of exceptional circumstances, during the same period and at the same place as the General Assembly of the Organization.
(b) The Assembly shall meet in extraordinary session upon convocation by the Director General, at the request of one-fourth of the countries members of the Assembly.
(c) The agenda of each session shall be prepared by the Director General.
(5) The Assembly shall adopt its own rules of procedure.
(1)
(a) Administrative tasks concerning the Special Union shall be performed by the International Bureau.
(b) In particular, the International Bureau shall prepare the meetings and provide the secretariat of the Assembly, the Committee of Experts, and such other committees of experts and working groups as may have been established by the Assembly or the Committee of Experts.
(c) The Director General shall be the chief executive of the Special Union and shall represent the Special Union.
(2) The Director General and any staff member designated by him shall participate, without the right to vote, in all meetings of the Assembly, the Committee of Experts, and such other committees of experts or working groups as may have been established by the Assembly or the Committee of Experts. The Director General, or a staff member designated by him, shall be ex officio secretary of those bodies.
(3)
(a) The International Bureau shall, in accordance with the directions of the Assembly, make the preparations for the conferences of revision of the provisions of the Agreement other than Articles 5 to 8.
(b) The International Bureau may consult with intergovernmental and international non-governmental organizations concerning preparations for conferences of revision.
(c) The Director General and persons designated by him shall take part, without the right to vote, in the discussions at those conferences.
(4) The International Bureau shall carry out any other tasks assigned to it.
(1)
(a) The Special Union shall have a budget.
(b) The budget of the Special Union shall include the income and expenses proper to the Special Union, its contribution to the budget of expenses common to the Unions, and, where applicable, the sum made available to the budget of the Conference of the Organization.
(c) Expenses not attributable exclusively to the Special Union but also to one or more other Unions administered by the Organization shall be considered as expenses common to the Unions. The share of the Special Union in such common expenses shall be in proportion to the interest the Special Union has in them.
(2) The budget of the Special Union shall be established with due regard to the requirements of coordination with the budgets of the other Unions administered by the Organization.
(3) The budget of the Special Union shall be financed from the following sources:
(i) contributions of the countries of the Special Union;
(ii) fees and charges due for services rendered by the International Bureau in relation to the Special Union;
(iii) sale of, or royalties on, the publications of the International Bureau concerning the Special Union;
(iv) gifts, bequests, and subventions;
(v) rents, interests, and other miscellaneous income.
(4)
(a) For the purpose of establishing its contribution referred to in paragraph (3)(i), each country of the Special Union shall belong to the same class as it belongs to in the Paris Union for the Protection of Industrial Property, and shall pay its annual contributions on the basis of the same number of units as is fixed for that class in that Union.
(b) The annual contribution of each country of the Special Union shall be an amount in the same proportion to the total sum to be contributed to the budget of the Special Union by all countries as the number of its units is to the total of the units of all contributing countries.
(c) Contributions shall become due on the first of January of each year.
(d) A country which is in arrears in the payment of its contributions may not exercise its right to vote in any organ of the Special Union if the amount of its arrears equals or exceeds the amount of the contributions due from it for the preceding two full years. However, any organ of the Special Union may allow such a country to continue to exercise its right to vote in that organ if, and as long as, it is satisfied that the delay in payment is due to exceptional and unavoidable circumstances.
(e) If the budget is not adopted before the beginning of a new financial period, it shall be at the same level as the budget of the previous year, as provided in the financial regulations.
(5) The amount of the fees and charges due for services rendered by the International Bureau in relation to the Special Union shall be established, and shall be reported to the Assembly, by the Director General.
(6)
(a) The Special Union shall have a working capital fund which shall be constituted by a single payment made by each country of the Special Union. If the fund becomes insufficient, the Assembly shall decide to increase it.
(b) The amount of the initial payment of each country to the said fund or of its participation in the increase thereof shall be a proportion of the contribution of that country for the year in which the fund is established or the decision to increase it is made.
(c) The proportion and the terms of payment shall be fixed by the Assembly on the proposal of the Director General and after it has heard the advice of the Coordination Committee of the Organization.
(7)
(a) In the headquarters agreement concluded with the country on the territory of which the Organization has its headquarters, it shall be provided that, whenever the working capital fund is insufficient, such country shall grant advances. The amount of those advances and the conditions on which they are granted shall be the subject of separate agreements, in each case, between such country and the Organization.
(b) The country referred to in subparagraph (a) and the Organization shall each have the right to denounce the obligation to grant advances, by written notification. Denunciation shall take effect three years after the end of the year in which it has been notified.
(8) The auditing of the accounts shall be effected by one or more of the countries of the Special Union or by external auditors, as provided in the financial regulations. They shall be designated, with their agreement, by the Assembly.
(1) Proposals for the amendment of Articles 5, 6, 7, and the present Article, may be initiated by any country of the Special Union or by the Director General. Such proposals shall be communicated by the Director General to the countries of the Special Union at least six months in advance of their consideration by the Assembly.
(2) Amendments to the Articles referred to in paragraph (1) shall be adopted by the Assembly. Adoption shall require three-fourths of the votes cast, provided that any amendment to Article 5, and to the present paragraph, shall require four-fifths of the votes cast.
(3) Any amendment to the Articles referred to in paragraph (1) shall enter into force one month after written notifications of acceptance, effected in accordance with their respective constitutional processes, have been received by the Director General from three-fourths of the countries members of the Special Union at the time the amendment was adopted. Any amendment to the said Articles thus accepted shall bind all the countries which are members of the Special Union at the time the amendment enters into force, or which become members thereof at a subsequent date, provided that any amendment increasing the financial obligations of countries of the Special Union shall bind only those countries which have notified their acceptance of such amendment.
(1) Any country party to the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property which has signed this Agreement may ratify it, and, if it has not signed it, may accede to it.
(2) Instruments of ratification and accession shall be deposited with the Director General.
(3)
(a) With respect to the first five countries which have deposited their instruments of ratification or accession, this Agreement shall enter into force three months after the deposit of the fifth such instrument.
(b) With respect to any other country, this Agreement shall enter into force three months after the date on which its ratification or accession has been notified by the Director General, unless a subsequent date has been indicated in the instrument of ratification or accession. In the latter case, this Agreement shall enter into force with respect to that country on the date thus indicated.
(4) Ratification or accession shall automatically entail acceptance of all the clauses and admission to all the advantages of this Agreement.
This Agreement shall have the same force and duration as the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property.
(1) Articles 1 to 4 and 9 to 15 of this Agreement may be submitted to revision with a view to the introduction of desired improvements.
(2) Every revision shall be considered at a conference which shall be held among the delegates of the countries of the Special Union.
(1) Any country may denounce this Agreement by notification addressed to the Director General. Such denunciation shall affect only the country making it, the Agreement remaining in full force and effect as regards the other countries of the Special Union.
(2) Denunciation shall take effect one year after the day on which the Director General has received the notification.
(3) The right of denunciation provided by this Article shall not be exercised by any country before the expiration of five years from the date upon which it becomes a member of the Special Union.
The provisions of Article 24 of the Paris Convention for the Protection of Industrial Property shall apply to this Agreement.
(1)
(a) This Agreement shall be signed in a single copy in the English and French languages, both texts being equally authentic, and shall be deposited with the Government of Switzerland.
(b) This Agreement shall remain open for signature at Berne until June 30, 1969.
(2) Official texts shall be established by the Director General, after consultation with the interested Governments, in such other languages as the Assembly may designate.
(3) The Director General shall transmit two copies, certified by the Government of Switzerland, of the signed text of this Agreement to the Governments of the countries that have signed it and, on request, to the Government of any other country.
(4) The Director General shall register this Agreement with the Secretariat of the United Nations.
(5) The Director General shall notify the Governments of all countries of the Special Union of the date of entry into force of the Agreement, signatures, deposits of instruments of ratification or accession, acceptances of amendments to this Agreement and the dates on which such amendments enter into force, and notifications of denunciation.
Until the first Director General assumes office, references in this Agreement to the International Bureau of the Organization or to the Director General shall be deemed to be references to the United International Bureaux for the Protection of Intellectual Property (BIRPI) or its Director, respectively.
India Signs 3
In a move that will help trademark owners and designers obtain protection for their work, India acceded to three key treaties—Nice Agreement, Vienna Agreement and Locarno Agreement—last week. These are multilateral agreements with the World Intellectual Property Organisation. The three WIPO treaties are designed to ease the search for trademarks and industrial designs. Trademarks or marks is a na
Read more at: https://www.bloombergquint.com/law-and-policy/india-signs-three-treaties-thatll-help-brand-owners
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Read more at: https://www.bloombergquint.com/law-and-policy/india-signs-three-treaties-thatll-help-brand-owners
Copyright © BloombergQuint
Cabinet approves proposal for accession of India to The Nice Agreement, The Vienna Agreement & The Locarno Agreement
The Union Cabinet, chaired by the Prime Minister Narendra Modi has approved the proposal for accession of India to (i) The Nice Agreement concerning the International classification of Goods and Services for the purposes of registration of marks, (ii) The Vienna Agreement establishing an International Classification of the figurative elements of marks, and (iii) The Locarno Agreement establishing an International classification for industrial designs.
Accession to the Nice, Vienna and Locarno Agreements will help the Intellectual Property Office in India to harmonise the classification systems for examinational of trademark and design applications, in line with the classification systems followed globally.
It would give an opportunity to include Indian designs, figurative elements and goods in the international classification systems.
The accession is expected to instill confidence in foreign investors in relation to protection of IPs in India.
The accession would also facilitate in exercising rights in decision making processes regarding review and revision of the classifications under the agreement.
In a move to boost foreign investor confidence in relation to protection of intellectual property (IP) in India, the Cabinet on Wednesday approved the proposal for Accession to the Nice, Vienna and Locarno Agreements, which will allow India an opportunity to include Indian designs, figurative elements and goods in the international classification systems.
An official statement said the proposals approved are for India's accession to The Nice Agreement concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the purposes of registration of marks; The Vienna Agreement establishing an International Classification of the figurative elements of marks; and The Locarno Agreement establishing an international classification for industrial designs.
These agreements will help the Intellectual Property Office in India to harmonise the classification systems for examination of trademark and design applications, in line with the classification systems followed globally.
The accession would also facilitate in exercising rights in decision-making processes regarding review and revision of the classifications under the agreement.
India grants
For an argument and with much precision one can state that, one of the reasons for transition of the world into knowledge driven economy is because of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR). The accession to the three WIPO Agreements (i.e., the Nice Agreement, Vienna Agreement and Locarno Agreement) by India supports the statement and the reasons for the same have been discussed below. The three WIPO Agreements have received accession from the Indian Government.[1]The three Agreements were introduced through the WIPO treaties primarily to ease the search for trademarks and industrial designs. In this arena it is significant to understand the prominence of all the three Agreements. A brief understanding of all the three Agreements are as follows:
Nice Agreement
In the area of classification of goods and services for the purpose of registering trademarks and service marks, the Nice Agreement plays a prominent role.
While registering a trademark or service mark it is significant for the trademark offices of contracting states to indicate, in official documents and publications in connection with each registration, the numbers of the classes of the Classification to which the goods or services for which the mark is registered belong.[2] The Nice Agreement is where the Classification is indicated. Under the Nice Classification there is distinctive classes where goods and services could be registered. Classes one to thirty-four which deals with goods and classes thirty-five to forty-five which deals with services.
Vienna Agreement
The Vienna Agreement establishes a Classification for marks that contains or consists of figurative elements.[3]In all the official documents and publications in connection with each registration and renewals of marks, the numbers of the categories, divisions and sections of the Classification to which the figurative elements of those marks belong must be indicated.
Locarno Agreement
Classification of industrial design is established under the Locarno Agreement. In the official documents reflecting the deposit or registration or publications of industrial designs, the Competent offices of the Contracting States must indicate, the numbers of the classes and sub- classes of the Classification to which the goods incorporating the designs belong.[4]
ACCESSION TO THE WIPO AGREEMENTS BY INDIA
On June 7, 2019, India’s instruments of accession to the three Classification treaties that is, the Nice Agreement, Vienna Agreement and the Locarno Agreement was received by WIPO Director General Francis Gurry from Ambassador Rajiv K. Chander, Permanent Representative of India to the United Nations and other International Organizations in Geneva. To quote the delightful statement by the Director General of WIPO, Frances Gurry:
“We’re absolutely delighted that India today has deposited its instruments of accession to three classification treaties. India has been extremely active in the field of intellectual property and in international cooperation in the field of intellectual property in recent years. This deep engagement on the part of India in the World Intellectual Property Organization and in the international intellectual property system is extremely welcome.”[5]
India is now the 88th member of the Nice Agreement, 34th member of the Vienna Agreement, and 57th member of the Locarno Agreement. By acceding to the WIPO Agreement, India would be deriving the following benefits:
- There would be harmonization of Classification systems of trademark and design application with the global applications,
- It creates an opportunity to include Indian designs, figurative elements and goods in the international classification systems,
- Install confidence in foreign investors about investments in India and protection of their intellectual properties in India,
- The accession would also facilitate in utilizing rights in decision-making processes regarding review and revision of the classification under the Agreement.
Considering the above factors, it could be stated that, the accession to the WIPO Agreement, has turned to be fruitful to India and is a step towards knowledge driven economy.
[1] Cabinet Approves proposal for accession of India to the Nice Agreement, the Vienna Agreement and the Locarno Agreement, (June 10, 2019, 16:03), https://www.pmindia.gov.in/en/news_updates/cabinet-approves-proposal-for-accession-of-india-to-the-nice-agreement-the-vienna-agreement-the-locarno-agreement/
[2] Nice Agreement Concerning the International Classification of Goods and Services for the Purposes of the Registration of Marks, (June 10, 2019, 16:10), https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/classification/nice/
[3] Summary of the Vienna Agreement Establishing an International Classification of the Figurative Elements of Marks, (June 10, 2019, 16:21), https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/classification/vienna/summary_vienna.html
[4] Locarno Agreement Establishing an International Classification for Industrial Designs, (June 10, 2019, 16:28), https://www.wipo.int/treaties/en/classification/locarno/
[5]India Joins Three Key WIPO International Classification Treaties, (June 10, 2019, 16:46), https://www.wipo.int/portal/en/news/2019/article_0021.html